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Dr. Raymond W. Schmitt
A look at the Earth from space reveals a mostly blue planet. The domination of earth’s surface by the oceans is quite clear. As Arthur C. Clark once said, 'How inappropriate to call this planet Earth when clearly it is Ocean”.This deep blue mass of water has major implications for the climate of the Earth. It means that most of the Sun’s energy is absorbed into the ocean. It also means that this fluid body, with its huge heat capacity (1100 times that of the atmosphere) is the main reservoir for heat on the planet. And of course the ocean is the primary reservoir for water. Most of the water we experience as rain has come from the ocean, which is the principal source of water for the atmosphere.
A Traditional Depiction of the Global Water Cycle
Salinity and Evaporation - Precipitation
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In contact with both the oceans and the continents, the thin, transparent atmosphere acts as a conduit connecting the terrestrial and oceanic components of the water cycle. Figure 2 is a traditional depiction of the global water cycle as viewed by hydrologists. It focuses on the processes of most interest to society, but gives a distorted picture of the role of the oceans. Relegating the oceans to a small corner of the diagram conveys a very inaccurate picture. In fact, the oceans cover the majority of the earth and hold 97% of the free (not chemically bound) water on the planet, comprising both the primary source of water evaporated into the atmosphere and the main site of precipitation. We estimate that 86% of global evaporation and 78% of global precipitation occurs over the oceans. Surely, the oceans deserve a more prominent place in any depiction of the water cycle!
A Better Perspective
Relative Roles
A look at the volumes associated with the components of the water cycle (Figure 3) leads to a better perspective on the relative roles of ocean atmosphere and land. To focus only upon terrestrial fluxes, ignoring the oceanic component, would overlook the ocean-atmosphere interface that plays a critical role in maintaining the terrestrial moisture balance (Figure 3). The oceans function as a reservoir and buffer in the planetary circulation of water. Storing 23 times the water on land and a million times the water in the atmosphere, the ocean’s air-sea fluxes are many times larger than the terrestrial equivalents.
Past Limitations
Until recently, the vastness of the world’s oceans and the absence of rainfall and evaporation sensors represented a barrier to the study of the oceanic hydrologic cycle. These limitations of the past left a void in observations of precipitation or evaporation over the ocean that made quantifying the water cycle over the ocean difficult. And mankind’s natural focus on its own water supply meant the large oceanic water cycle received little attention. However, new satellite observations of rainfall and improved data sets of meteorological conditions over the oceans have afforded us an improved understanding of the oceanic water cycle.
Evaporation and Precipitation
Modern Estimates
We have compiled modern estimates of evaporation and precipitation over the ocean to develop a more complete picture of water fluxes across the air-sea interface.Taking the difference between evaporation (E) and precipitation (P) tells us the net gain or loss of water by the ocean.A new map of E-P shows where water evaporates (red) and precipitates (blue) (Figure 4.) The mid-latitude regions of the oceans tend to be dominated by evaporation under the trade winds. These regions supply water to the atmosphere, which transports it to a low latitude rainfall region known as the “Inter-tropical Convergence Zone” (ITCZ). This is where rising warm, moist air drops its moisture burden back on the sea. The high latitude oceans also tend to gain more water from rain than is lost to evaporation.
An Alternative Schematic
Global Water Drivers
This pattern of mid-latitude evaporation and high and low-latitude precipitation leads us to propose an alternative schematic for the “Global Water Cycle” (Figure 5). It more accurately depicts the dominance of the ocean-atmosphere processes, and delegates land processes to a more suitable minor role. It is drawn as a north-south section and shows the atmosphere carrying water vapor from evaporation to precipitation regions. It also shows the complementary return flows induced in the ocean. Without those oceanic return flows, regional sea level trends of up to 10 meters per year would develop! This diagram is an oceanographer’s view of the global water cycle.
Oceanic Fluxes
Our estimates of the flux of water into and out of the ocean can be integrated over its surface all around the globe. This provides a view of the strength of the oceanic return flows (Figure 6). Similarly, measurements of the strength of north-south winds and their moisture content allow estimates of the meridional transport of water by the atmosphere. The two curves are largely complementary, showing that it is primarily the oceans that maintain the water balance. One can also see from the curve labeled “Mississippi” that north-south transports of water by rivers are quite small by comparison. Thus, in discussing the “Global Water Cycle”, it is truly misleading to neglect the dominant oceanic component.
Salinity
The oceanographer does have one tool to help understand the poorly sampled water cycle over the ocean: the oceanic salt content or salinity. Evaporation leaves salt behind, thereby increasing salinity; precipitation dilutes the salt content and freshens surface waters. Salinity can be thought of as analogous to humidity in the atmosphere. The general patterns of surface salinity reflect the workings of the global water cycle, the mid-latitude evaporation zones have high salinity, while precipitation zones at high and low latitudes have low salinity (Figure 7). Salinity is much harder to measure than temperature, so there is not nearly so much historical data to examine for climatological trends. However, we have reason to be optimistic about the future; the ARGO program of profiling floats is rapidly expanding the number of salinity profiles available around the globe ( http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/ ), a new salinity-sensing satellite (AQUARIUS https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aquarius/overview/index.html ) is due to be launched in 2010, and here at WHOI we have been developing new foul-proof salinity sensors for deployment on surface drifters and moorings. One of the most striking features of the surface salinity pattern is the higher salinity of the Atlantic Ocean. This may be largely due to loss of water vapor to the Pacific across Central America, and the lack of water supply from the Sahara. These higher salinities mean higher seawater densities, so that the North Atlantic hosts a main sinking site of the meridional overturning circulation. There surface waters flow north to become cooled by the atmosphere to become dense water which sinks to depth and flows southward. A great deal of heat transport is associated with this overturning circulation, which is believed to have been disrupted by glacial meltwater in the past. Thus, salinity is intimately tied to the general circulation of the ocean and the climate of Earth.
We acknowledge the National Science Foundation for generous support of this research.
The Water Cycle and Global Warming
One aspect of concern for the future is how the water cycle will respond to global warming. This is dictated by the physics of water vapor in the air. A warm atmosphere can hold much more water vapor than a cold atmosphere (something we all experience with seasonal humidity changes). The water carrying capacity of the air is governed by the vapor pressure dependence on temperature, plotted here in Figure 8. We see a strong non-linear dependence of vapor pressure on temperature. At the present mean global surface air temperature of 14 degrees C, the vapor pressure increases about 7% for each one degree increase in temperature. Other things being equal (winds, cloudiness etc) we may expect an intensification of the water cycle of 7% per degree of global warming. This means more intense droughts in some regions, stronger rainfall in others. In many ways, society is more vulnerable to changes in the water cycle than to temperature changes alone. Since most of the water cycle is between atmosphere and ocean, we expect that the oceanic salinity field will be an excellent indicator of a changing water cycle. We thus view it as an especially important climate variable to monitor.
The Global Water-Soluble Fertilizers Market Report presents an in-depth assessment of study market size, revenue, production, CAGR, consumption, profit margin, price, and different substantial factors. The report covers technologies, key trends, market drivers, challenges, standardization, regulatory landscape, deployment models, operator case studies, opportunities, future roadmap, value chain, ecosystem player profiles and strategies. This Water-Soluble Fertilizers industry study provides comprehensive data which enhances the understanding, scope and application of this report. The Global Seamless Steel Pipes Market report classifies the market dynamics and trends in the global and regional market considering several aspects including technology, supplies, capacity, production, profit, and price. Water-Soluble Fertilizers Market analysis reports provide a valuable source of insightful data for business strategists and competitive analysis of Water-Soluble Fertilizers Market. It provides the Water-Soluble Fertilizers industry overview with growth analysis and futuristic cost, revenue, demand and supply data.
Report Highlights: Detailed overview of parent market Changing market dynamics in the industry In-depth market segmentation Historical, current, and projected market size in terms of volume and value Recent industry trends and developments Competitive landscape Strategies of key players and products offered Potential and niche segments, geographical regions exhibiting promising growth A neutral perspective on market performance Must-have information for market players to sustain and enhance their market footprint.
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The assessment is estimated with the help of in-depth market research. It also highlights the impact of Porter’s Five Forces on the market expansion. The Water-Soluble Fertilizers market study analyzes the global Water-Soluble Fertilizers market in terms of size [k MT] and revenue [USD Million]. Further, the report analyzes the global Water-Soluble Fertilizers market based on the product type and customer segments. It also calculates the growth of each segment in the Water-Soluble Fertilizers market over the predicted time. This research contains data that are not only conducted regarding CAGR forecasts but it also analyzes the key parameters such as yearly market growth in order to have complete statistics about the future of the market worldwide. It also assists in showing the extensive scope that will open up for the market. The research encompasses various factors about the Water-Soluble Fertilizers market succh as its popularity in the global market, segmentation, current trends that are being followed, technological advancements, and future forecasts.
Key Players/Vendors have taken on a crucial role in the Global Water-Soluble Fertilizers market in recent years owing to the development of Global Water-Soluble Fertilizers market sector. Main leading players in the Global Water-Soluble Fertilizers market are Manufacturer. With respect to various parameters such as production volume, revenue, profit margin, export-import figures, and local consumption in different regional Global Water-Soluble Fertilizers markets are studied in the report. The research report gives the key driving factors which are helpful to grow the business in the Global sector. This Market report uses the advanced technological systems requires which are compatible with this market by every parameter are firmly discussed in this report.
The report mainly focuses on providing some vital details regarding opportunities, market challenges, future scope, topological statistics, product launch, key market players, growth enhancers, and more in a crystal clear format. Some of the major competitive dramatis personae include K+S AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT (Germany), Agrium Inc. (Canada), Yara International ASA (Norway), Sociedad Quimica YMinera SA (SQM) (Chile), Israel Chemical Limited (Israel), Qatar Fertilizer Company, Coromandel International Limited, Hebei Monband Water Soluble Fertilizer Co. Limited, Haifa Chemicals Limited, Sociedad Quimica Y Minera SA, Compo GmbH & Co. KG, Other prominent players and more…. The manufacturers have their product portfolio, economic statistics, and additional details mentioned for complementary data basis.
Global water-soluble fertilizers Market: Market Dynamics
Drivers:
-Dripping Irrigation
Drip irrigation is increasingly required and implemented as it is water saving and ideal for all countries, including undulating ground, rolling hills, rolling topography and areas of shallow soil layers.
Restraints:
-High cost
The growth of the market is restricted by factors as organic fertilizer growth and high-water fertilizer costs that lead to higher agricultural production costs. Feed stock prices are highly volatile which can affect the market growth in the near future.
Global water-soluble fertilizers Market: Regions Asia Pacific accounted for XX% of the overall revenue in 2019
The revenue escalation on a national, international, and global level can be foreseen in the report. The report also provides a complete analysis of the market cult in every sub-segment right from 2021 to 2026.
North America (USA, Canada, Mexico, etc.)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, India, Korea, Australia, Indonesia, Taiwan, Thailand, etc.)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain, etc.)
Middle East & Africa (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Egypt, Nigeria, UAE, Israel, South Africa, etc.)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Venezuela, Peru, etc.)
Product Type Categorization:
Bio stimulants, Potassic, Phosphatic, Micronutrients, Bio fertilizers, Nitrogenous
Crop Type Categorization
Field, Horticulture, Ornamental, Turf, Plantation
Application Type Categorization:
Foliar, Fertigation
Key Reasons to Purchase :
1) To study and analyze the global Water-Soluble Fertilizers consumption (value & volume) by key regions/countries, product type and application, history data from 2014 to 2018, and forecast to 2026.
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3) Focuses on the key global Water-Soluble Fertilizers manufacturers, to define, describe and analyze the sales volume, value, market share, market competition landscape, SWOT analysis and development plans in next few years.
4) Focuses on the key global Water-Soluble Fertilizers manufacturers, to define, describe and analyze the sales volume, value, market share, market competition landscape, SWOT analysis and development plans in next few years.The price and sales prevailing in the Water-Soluble Fertilizers market size, as well as the estimated growth trends for the Water-Soluble Fertilizers market, have been mentioned.
5) The report endorses appreciable information with respect to the market growth positioning as well as the marketing channel development trends. With regards to the market positioning, the study discusses the aspects such as target clientele, pricing strategies, and brand tactics.
6) Conclusive study about the growth plot of Water-Soluble Fertilizers market for forthcoming years.
Substantial information with regards to the price trends, production volume, has been provided.
Water-Soluble Fertilizers Market Forecast (2021-2026):
Global Water Drivers
Market Size Forecast: Overall Size, By Type/Product Category, By Applications/End Users, By Regions/Geography.
Global Water Reverse Osmosis
Key Data (Revenue): Water-Soluble Fertilizers Market Size, Water-Soluble Fertilizers Market Share, Growth Rate, Growth, Product Sales Price.
In this study, the years considered to estimate the market size of Water-Soluble Fertilizers:
History Year: 2014 – 2018
Base Year: 2018
Estimated Year: 2021
Forecast Year: 2021 – 2026
Water-Soluble Fertilizers Market Influencing Factors:
Browse full report @ https://www.indexmarketsresearch.com/report/impact-of-covid-19-on-global-water-soluble-fertilizers-market/461089/
Market Environment:Government Policies, Technological Changes, Market Risks.
Global Water Reverse Osmosis System
Market Drivers: Growing Demand, Reduction in Cost, Market Opportunities and Challenges.
In the end, the report makes some important proposals for a new project of Water-Soluble Fertilizers Industry before evaluating its feasibility. Overall, the report provides an in-depth insight of 2021-2024 global Water-Soluble Fertilizers industry covering all important parameters.
Global Water Distribution
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